ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with high mortality among hospitalized patients and incurs high costs. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection can trigger both inflammatory and thrombotic processes, and these complications can lead to a poorer prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the association and temporal trends of D-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels with the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), hospital mortality, and costs among inpatients with COVID-19. METHODS: Data were extracted from electronic patient records and laboratory databases. Crude and adjusted associations for age, sex, number of comorbidities, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at admission, and D-dimer or CRP logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations. RESULTS: Between March and June 2020, COVID-19 was documented in 3,254 inpatients. The D-dimer level ≥4,000 ng/mL fibrinogen equivalent unit (FEU) mortality odds ratio (OR) was 4.48 (adjusted OR: 1.97). The CRP level ≥220 mg/dL OR for death was 7.73 (adjusted OR: 3.93). The D-dimer level ≥4,000 ng/mL FEU VTE OR was 3.96 (adjusted OR: 3.26). The CRP level ≥220 mg/dL OR for VTE was 2.71 (adjusted OR: 1.92). All these analyses were statistically significant (p<0.001). Stratified hospital costs demonstrated a dose-response pattern. Adjusted D-dimer and CRP levels were associated with higher mortality and doubled hospital costs. In the first week, elevated D-dimer levels predicted VTE occurrence and systemic inflammatory harm, while CRP was a hospital mortality predictor. CONCLUSION: D-dimer and CRP levels were associated with higher hospital mortality and a higher incidence of VTE. D-dimer was more strongly associated with VTE, although its discriminative ability was poor, while CRP was a stronger predictor of hospital mortality. Their use outside the usual indications should not be modified and should be discouraged.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomarkers/analysis , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/therapy , C-Reactive Protein , Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products , Receptors, Immunologic/analysis , Prospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: A prevenção secundária após intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) é fundamental para melhorar a sobrevida livre de eventos e consiste principalmente no controle de fatores de risco. Analisou-se a prevenção secundária de pacientes de alto risco, incluídos prospectivamente no estudo Sequence Variation in Platelet Aggregation in Response to Clopidogrel and aspirin (SPARC). MÉTODOS: Foram arrolados 187 pacientes consecutivos entre dezembro de 2009 e fevereiro de 2011, tratados por ICP com stent e avaliados em retornos ambulatoriais de 30 dias, 3 meses, 6 meses e 12 meses quanto ao controle de hipertensão arterial, disglicemia, dislipidemia e tabagismo, e medidas terapêuticas respectivas. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo de pacientes com controle pressórico (29%; P = 0,02), que cessaram tabagismo (18%; P = 0,003), e que receberam hipolipemiantes (19%; P < 0,0001) entre a internação para ICP e o primeiro retorno após o procedimento. Esse melhora do controle de fatores de risco refletiu-se em redução do escore de risco de Framingham médio observado no mesmo período (9,9%; P < 0,0001). Durante seguimento de até 12 meses o ganho atingido na internação para ICP se manteve para todos os fatores de risco. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se efeito importante relativamente à internação índice para ICP, com aumento da prescrição de medicamentos para controle de fatores de risco e alcance de metas. Esse estudo identifica relevante janela de oportunidade para priorização do controle de fatores de risco na internação inicial, quando ganhos expressivos são observados e mantidos. Mas também explicita que esforços adicionais são necessários para expandir o benefício da prevenção secundária no seguimento a médio prazo de pacientes tratados por ICP.
BACKGROUND: Secondary prevention after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is essential to increase event-free survival and consists mainly in risk factor control. We analyzed the secondary prevention of high-risk patients included prospectively in the Sequence Variation in Platelet Aggregation in Response to Clopidogrel and aspirin trial (SPARC). METHODS: From December 2009 to February 2011 we enrolled 187 consecutive patients who were submitted to PCI with stent implantation and were evaluated in outpatient visits at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up for the control of hypertension, dysglycemia, hyperlipidemia and smoking and their respective therapeutic measures. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the number of patients with controlled hypertension (29%; P = 0.02), who stopped smoking (18%; P = 0.003), and received statins (19%; P < 0.0001) between the index PCI and the first follow-up visit. The risk factor control improvement led to a decrease in the mean Framingham risk score (9.9%; P < 0.0001). During the 12 months follow-up the gains achieved at PCI admission were maintained for all risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: An important effect was observed on the index PCI admission with increased prescription of risk factor control drugs and achievement of therapeutic goals. This study identifies a relevant opportunity window for risk factor control at the index admission, when substantial gains are observed and maintained. However, it also shows further efforts are required to expand the benefit of secondary prevention in the middle-term follow-up of patients treated by PCI.